nickagian

Great! Then I think the .pdf is perfect for your switch! As I also said, you can use a MOSFET instead of the BJT in case you need more current (moreover with MOSFET I think you don`t have to use any resistor)

Hi jarmund! I`m afraid that I can`t help you with the first point. However concerning the second one you can have a look at this topic : http://www.electronics-lab.com/forum/index.php?topic=171.0, you may find it useful. I haven`t yet, but I think it worths a try. I`m interested in a guide about PCB too!

Hi haji_timur! What do you need the switch for? Is it a digital +5V/0V switch probably? Can you give us some more information about it? However have in mind that probably you have to use a BJT or MOSFET. Have a look at the .pdf below. Transistor.pdf

You have right... :-[ It was silly of me, I didn`t even think about it!!

MNA thank you very much! I have found them in the same library as you said! It was too big and I didn`t pay attention to all the parts in it. :-[

Hi all! I am using Orcad Capture 9.2 and I am looking for the symbol of an electrolytic capacitor with the curled line (not that one with the two parallel lines) and additionally the symbol of a fuse. Can anybody tell me in which libraries can I find them? Thank you!

I guess you are right... I have a problem with one circuit containing the `07 and thought it was burned...so I checked it seperately and found this behaviour strange. But you are right with that open collector. Thank you!

Hi all! I am confused a little bit with something related with the IC 74LS07. This IC has buffers, isn`t that correct? So let`s choose the first gate and apply +5V at the input (1A). I expect to get +5V at the output of the gate (1Y), right? So why is that not working with my chips? ??? (I have already checked two of them). I cannot understand what is my mistake... :(

Hi defaced! Well this is what I have learned in my university: 1)At a half-rectifier circuit (look at the first two circuits at the picture posted by Ante) the output voltage amplitude is given by the formula Vout(amp)=E(rms)xsqrt(2)-VD0 [sqrt->square root, E the voltage at the secondary of the transformer and VD0-> the forward voltage of the diode, about 0.7~0.8V] Since sqrt(2) is approximately 1.4 you can say that Vout(amp)=1.4E(rms)-VD0 so roughly Vout(amp)=1.4E(rms). This is one of the formulas that you can see in the picture. Moreover the DC output voltage (practically the average voltage) can be calculated by the formula VDC=1.4E(rms)/pi - VD0/2 and since 1.4/pi is approximately 0.45, you can say that VDC=0.45E(rms) (That means probably the second formula at the picture) However if you use a simple capacitor for filtering, the output voltage roughly equals the output voltage amplitude, thus 1.4E(rms). 2)For the full-rectifier circuit (both with the two diodes and the bridge-rectifier) the output voltage amplitude equals Vout(amp)=2*1.4E(rms)-VD0 thus approximately 2.8E(rms) and the DC level VDC=2*1.4E(rms)/pi - VD0 so approximately 0.9E(rms) That`s all! 8) ;)

I mean an IR emmiter and an IR receiver, I have called this a 'couple' because they cooperate with each other. In fact they are two seperate devices!

Moreover I want to add that my idea is to use two couples of sensors, (perhaps IR emmiter/receiver is a very good solution, as StathisCy also said) and put both of the couples at the door with some distance between them. In such a way you can also check if somebody is coming in or out..e.g. when couple #1 gives signal first and #2 afterwards, that means that somebody is coming in and when couple#2 gives signal first, that means that somebody is coming out! I have made something like that in the past, but only checked it with some switches instead of the sensors... If you want some help with what IC to use and in general about the hardware you can ask further! Just to give you an idea, I had first designed the appropriate ASM diagram and according to that easily found what and which ICs to use. For counting I had used synchronous up/down BCD counters (SN74LS190) and to display the number of people, some 7-segment displayers (SA52-11HWA) with BCD-to-7 segment decoders (DM74LS47), so as to connect them directly to the counter`s outputs. And of course some flip-flops are needed too. I hope I have helped you...

I have asked for a ceramic resonator at about 10MHz for my microcontoller project and I was given this one...the only thing that is written on it is "L10.7A",which I guess shows the frequency, 10.7MHz...that is all I know about it! Oh and it has a red dot above one of the side pins.. But thanks anyway, because that is what I was looking for... I didn`t know which pin is for the ground...

:o I didn`t know it and unfortunately I don`t know exactly what resonator I have. However I can tell that it has 3 pins and I have bought it to use in a project with a PIC microcontroller, if that helps you..

Hi all! Does anyone have a datasheet from a ceramic resonator (it doesn`t matter which)? Basically what I want to know is which pin is what! Can anybody help me with that?

Hi Electrical_tech_Student! When you use the formula Acm=(Aol/CMMR), all the quantities have to be pure numbers without dimensions (not dB), so you cannot use CMMR=76dB and Aol=81000 at the same time! You have to convert 76dB into 10^(76/20)=6300, since CMMR(in dB)=20log10CMMR. Then you can use this number with the above formula! Another solution is to convert Aol in dB and use the formula Acm(in dB)=Aol(in dB)-CMMR(in dB) and then you find Acm in dB.

Yes of course! ;D I didn`t mean that I have the intention to use a single LED with a 47 ohm resistor!! Thanks a lot anyway!

Well I`ll use red LEDs, which -if I am not wrong- are 2.3V and I have tested two of them in series with a resistor of 47R. The current drawn was approximately 18mA and the brightness quite good! But I don`t doubt that alone it must have been much brighter!

Thanks a lot Zeppelin! That resistor must be my mistake (I had thought of it, but couldn`t find the proper value). The guide is very helpful on that too! I know that, I intend to use only two LEDs on series and organize all of them on doubles!

It`s ok! Perhaps I didn`t express myself very clearly and I should have posted that picture too! Well I simply triggered it by connecting it to the ground or to the positive supply (later at my real circuit this will be connected to the output port of a PIC, but I guess it is the same thing!) I don`t know, I may have made a mistake... I will check it once more!

Well... I haven`t understand what you mean Ante... :-[ I`m sorry... How can the LM317 be used as a current sink? Actually I mean something like the following circuit (except that instead of 1 I want to use more LEDs), where the ON or OFF state of the LED can be changed by the voltage applied at the base of the transistor. But I obviously make a mistake because it simply doesn`t work at all!

Can I ask something about that? Does the output current of 3 amps (or 1.5 amps for LM117) depend on the input current or it is provided even if the input current is less?

Does anybody know how much current a 9V-battery can give? And what about 1.5V-batteries? Thanks!

Hi everybody! I want to design a project with some LEDs, something like a signboard and I need to use a current sink, which can drive up to approximately 500-600mA. I have thought of using a NPN transistor (for example 2N2222), but I do not know what the exact circuit should look like. I have simply connected the E to the negative supply (ground), the C to the negative lead of the LED (of course the + of the LED is connected through a resistor to the positive supply) and the B to ground, but it doesn`t work at all! Can anybody help me? Perhaps is there another solution, apart from using a transistor? (an IC maybe?)

Thanks a lot slackjack! Actually I am looking for some LED`s (over 100) and I want to check what types I can find in the market and at what prices.

Does anybody has a suggestion for an online electronics-shop?