surajbarkale

Use CAM Processor to produce Postscript Files (.PS) of the layers you need. You can convert this file to any suitable graphics format you need. Personally I convert it to PDF so I don't run into problems

C, Assembly & VB whatever is appropriate for the task :)

It should be ok 'C' indicates commertial range & 'P'/'N' indicate package type (I believe P stands for Plastic & 'N' for ceramic). If you get hold of datasheet these differences will be mentioned.

You don't need the address/data lines in exact order. Your circuit will function normaly. I generally reversr the D0-D7 lines on a 8051 board because they are easier to route that way ;D

Check your multimeter. If you are measuring DC voltage on AC range some multimeters display double the value (this was true with older analog ones). While measuring AC ripple put a 0.1uF cap in series with probes.

Okey so next time I should say it's a TRIAC without gate ;D Anyway, I have used BC547 with base removed in a light dimmer project instead of DIAC. The project is still working (Don't know how though ;D).

I hope this is what u want - http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/LFrobot/LFrobot.htm try goolging with 'line folloer robot' for more such links :)

Regardless of other things, the energy stored in a capacitor is too less to charge the battery. You shall need capacitance in Kilo or Mega :o Farads to charge the battery ;D

You need a RF mixer for this. Check out the circuit in tunar of a TV. It is an excellant example of a downconverter. With little modifications you can use it for your frequency range.

DIAC is a 3 layer device N-P-N (take a transistor cut base lead & you get a cheap DIAC ;D). You can also view it as two zeners connected back to back. There was a topic about DIAC some days ago you can search this forum for details.

Check out CD4033 it has internal counter & 7 segment decoder. You can use 74hc244 to interface it with a bus. But the discrete logic makes it cumbursome to mux display lines (you need too many IC's). And eventually cost of all IC's will equal a microcontroller. ;D

The common base configuration works because collector can provide same current as emitter without caring for the load voltage. Indeed collector acts as a constant current source. You can not operate emitter this way so at the max you will get an attenuator. In fact you can view a voltage regulator as the backwards transistor. And i don't think it offers any gain ;D

Check http://www.sourceforge.net you may find something there. Off the topic also check http://humorix.org/ quite funny. ;D

SAW filters provide accurate filter characteristics which are not influenced by temperature. Also the tolerance from one filter to another is very small. If RC / RL filter is used in it's place it would be very difficult to tune it (forget about replacing it ;D). Check this out http://www.oki.com/en/otr/html/nf/otr-158-15-2.html

Check out Practicle Transistor Circuit Design & Analysis By - Willems E. Gerald (PS - I am a looser when it comes to spelling ;D ) If you can lay your hands on it. It is the best book to learn transistor design from. Of cource Basic Electronics by Malvino is also a good book but he explains design in very short manner. Better refer to it after you have read the first book.