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  1. R

    Full Wave Rectifier

    Another example of how technical slang can confuse and bemuse folks. Current flow means "charge flow flow", which is redundant and ridiculous. Current already means charge flow, so you don't have to say it twice. You should instead say current exists, or current is present, or just plainly...
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    Where did the - 0.7 V from the graph came from? (Diode Clampers Circuit)

    A junction always conducts a minute amount of current in the forward direction when a very small voltage is applied. The current becomes significant at around 0.7 volts. It also conducts current in the reverse direction, but that current is limited to the small saturation current plus the...
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    Problem with generator starting

    Is this a homework problem? Ratch
  4. R

    BJT transistor saturation

    As long as the beta is more than 180, the transistor will be in saturation at the values given for the circuit. Saturation depends on the beta and the values of the components and voltages external to the transistor. Anytime the Vec goes near or below Veb, saturation occurs. That can happen...
  5. R

    BJT transistor saturation

    True, but the OP proposes to put a 1k8 base resistor in series with the 3.0 V. According to the calculations. Ratch
  6. R

    BJT transistor saturation

    Reduce the 18 volts by the saturation voltage of the BJT to refine your answer. Calculations look OK. Ratch
  7. R

    BJT transistor saturation

    1) What are you trying to find? You never say what. 2) You should write (3 - 0.7)/616 uA, not 3-0.7/616uA . 3) Saturation voltage of a BJT is between 0.2 - 0.5 volts. 4) Does, not Dies. 5) Personal pronouns are capitalized. I, not i . Ratch
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    Beginning electronics, understanding whats actually happening

    How? In what way is it false? If you declare something to be false, you have an obligation to show why. Everyone knows that the Chinese are spying on other peoples' trade secrets and knowledge in order to study and better learn how to do things. OK, now we switch countries. How can the...
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    Beginning electronics, understanding whats actually happening

    Just copying something does not engender learning. OtherwIse, the secretary who works at the Xerox machine all day would be the smartest person in the office. You have to understand what you are duplicating or your knowledge will be superficial. The Chinese take shortcuts in applied...
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    Beginning electronics, understanding whats actually happening

    Just about everything you said above is either wrong, disjointed, and confusing. Where did you study semiconductors? Ratch
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    Calculating the Total Energy Released by a Capacitor up to Defined Points in Time

    I am using some made up values because you are indefinite about whether your circuit values are in joules or millijoules, amps or milliamps, etc. I am assuming the capacitor is energized to 100 volts, and a 1k0 resistor is switched across the cap at time t = 0. The voltage equation for the cap...
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    Uninterruptible power supply ratings: conflict between VA and W?

    The capacitors are for improving the PF. I said it does not cost the electric company directly to supply extra VA. That is because the extra VA power supplied during the first half the the power cycle is returned to the generator source during the second part of the cycle. The most extreme...
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    Uninterruptible power supply ratings: conflict between VA and W?

    Any meter that measures real or true power automatically corrects for low power factor (PF) at the point of use. The electric supplier does not directly lose revenue on low PF loads. The problem is that they have to install higher amperage conductors to transfer the same amount of electrical...
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    Uninterruptible power supply ratings: conflict between VA and W?

    Your understanding of P = VI is wrong. That is only true for DC resistor circuits. When inductance and capacitance are present in AC circuits, the voltage and current become out of phase with each other due to reactance. This causes less energy to be dissipated than would be if the phase...
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    Conversion of decimal to binary

    As others have shown you for the binary integer, keep dividing the decimal integer by 2 and build the binary integer from right to left from the remainders. For the fractional part, multiply the decimal part by 2 and build the fractional binary from the overflow into an integer. Example...
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    Beginning electronics, understanding whats actually happening

    Are you giving advice to me or the OP? Ratch
  17. R

    Gain of operational amplifier...

    I said that hysteresis determines determines when something will move. I should have added that when it will move after a stimulus is applied. Operating a linear amplifier in saturation in not hysteresis, even though hysteresis my affect its characteristics. All the above two paragraphs are...
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    Gain of operational amplifier...

    Nevertheless, the output will go from one rail to the other depending on the polarity of the input. Hysteresis determines when it starts to move and slew rate determines how long it takes to get somewhere. If you call an overdriven op amp a comparator fine, but I would call it a clipped...
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    Gain of operational amplifier...

    Yes, there is. A op amp cannot just switch from one voltage rail to the other instantaneously. See https://www.google.com/search?q=hysteresis+in+op+amp&rlz=1C1GIWA_enUS690US690&oq=hysteresis+in+op&aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57j0l4.13407j1j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 Ratch
  20. R

    Gain of operational amplifier...

    Is this what you are thinking about? Ratch
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