Ok so here we go....
Slide 1: That is a "Ferrite Bead/Ring" it is used to filter out high frequency noise coming from the wall, or things coming from the charger, nothing overly special there. (P.S. a ferrule is something that you crimp onto the end of a stranded wire to raise the current rating/make it a little stronger)
Slide 2: Without looking at it more closely I would assume that it is probably just a shield measure to keep noise out/in, it is probably grounded.
Slide 3: That "guu" is just to keep the parts in place, it sometimes has thermal properties to increase the surface area and help move heat, but I would suspect its just for holding everything in place. (P.S. the "bobbin/coil" is a copper wire wrapped around a ferrous core (probably plain iron) for filtering and things)
Slide 4: I'm not entirely sure what that component is, but it des have a clear .33uF mark on it, which is a capacitive value, but being that large and with the "MH" that would lead me to believe it is a coil (inductor), which would have a small capacitive value.
Slide 5: That appears to be a fuse of some kind, though a package that I am not familiar with, maybe a ceramic fuse? Either way it is a 250V rated 2.5A fuse, most likely fast acting. Rubber cap may have been on there to protect from heat, or just to cover it.
Slide 6: That "bobbin/coil" looks like a transformer, though I can only make out 2 leads from it, but yes that is where the voltage gets knocked down to somewhere close to what it needs to be.
Slide 7: That plate is there most likely to prevent the coil from causing noise on the shield next to it, that's my best guess.
.Help to figure out what is what and perhaps what intent lays behind certain bits positioning ...design etc.
