The datasheet of a CD4017B shows that its output current into a 2V LED when it has a 5V supply is only 3.5mA or less (looks dim).
Your circuit is mixing an old TTL 555 with an output voltage fairly low with a Cmos 4017 that needs a fairly high clock input voltage. A bad mix.
I used a 74HC4017 (high current Cmos) clocked with a Cmos 555 and it makes very bright LEDs and since they are both Cmos they work together reliably.