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  1. R

    Does electron die?

    Ohm's law is a property of a material, specifically the linearity of its resistivity with respect to the current within. You don't apply a property of a material to anything. It is an intrinsic part of a material. The E = I*R equation that many folks and writings call Ohm's law is really a...
  2. R

    Does electron die?

    When was that? Where was that? Can you supply a link? Ratch
  3. R

    Does electron die?

    Above sentence does not make sense. Remember what I said about capitalizing the beginning of sentences? The resistivity of aluminum is almost 60% greater than copper. Aluminum does have the highest conductivity per weight than any other solid material, however. What do you mean by the above...
  4. R

    Does electron die?

    I use several good texts on electrical science and some good physics books. Then I evaluate what the texts aver. Keep in mind that there is a lot of technical "slang" that does not correctly describe what is happening. Things like "current flow" or "space walking". Ratch
  5. R

    Does electron die?

    Whenever I hear someone use a hydraulic analogy to describe an electrical circuit, I ask if the circuit leaks. Then I ask if anyone got wet. Finally, I ask if hydraulic engineers use electrical analogies to learn their craft. By the way, Ohm's law is not E=I*R and all its variations. That is...
  6. R

    Does electron die?

    Voltage is not "pressure". Pressure is a mechanical and hydraulic term, not an electrical term. Current is rate of charge carrier flow. Knowing that, you should be able to answer your question about "electron increase". Ratch
  7. R

    Does electron die?

    That topic is outside the purview of electrons in a circuit.
  8. R

    Does electron die?

    This is a electrical forum, not a physiological forum. Ratch
  9. R

    Does electron die?

    The voltage is high enough to send a current through a body part. Ratch
  10. R

    Does electron die?

    The velocity of the electrons are irrelevant. The drift velocity is what counts. Ratch
  11. R

    Does electron die?

    The average speed of the charge carriers along the conductor. You understand it now? That stands to reason, doesn't it? Can't you reason that out? Irrelevant observation. It doesn't matter how fast the charge carriers travel in all directions. Only the drift velocity brings the charge...
  12. R

    Does electron die?

    It would sure help if you capitalized the beginning of your sentences and put a period at the end of your sentences. Also, a little more proofreading to catch missing words would make your writing more clear. Ratch
  13. R

    Does electron die?

    Of course, every atom contains one or more electrons. The electron has a negative charge which is attracted to a positive voltage. That is a mathematical convention which assumes that positive charge carriers exit the positive terminal of the voltage source and enter the negative terminal. If...
  14. R

    AC Circuit Problem HELP. Urgent.

    Looks like no one but I is going to help you. First you need to get up to speed on the PIT (Port Immittance Theorem). You can find out about that is the link below. https://www.electronicspoint.com/threads/output-resistance-of-equivalent-op-amp-circuit.278977/ Now look at the attachment...
  15. R

    Determining if load is lagging or leading based on powers

    I don't understand the above statements. Reactive power, whether capacitive or inductive, both take return energy it from/to the circuit at twice the driving frequency. The net reactive energy difference is zero. I hope that is what you mean above. Ratch
  16. R

    Capacitors of different capacity in series

    Well, let's see. Caps work by storing and releasing energy. It takes energy to imbalance the charge on the cap plates. Since the two caps are in series, each cap can only be imbalanced by the same amount of charge. V = Q/C . Assume the charge imbalance on each cap is 1 coulomb. Then the...
  17. R

    Output resistance of equivalent op amp circuit

    George2525, It pains me to say this, but it appears that the 3rd edition of Sedra and Smith, which I own, has a better treatment of the voltage-shunt feedback than your 6th edition. It appears that they have dumbed down that section. I have seen that happen in other texts as well, where...
  18. R

    Output resistance of equivalent op amp circuit

    Unless the circuit is very simple, I think is is just as easy to find the transfer function (TF) as it is to find the I/O impedances, After all, you have to bring the output load RL into the equation for the input impedance and the source impedance Rs into the equation for the output impedance...
  19. R

    Output resistance of equivalent op amp circuit

    I thought you would. Yes, isn't it amazing that hardly anyone except yours truly has picked up on this method? See the written definition below. Also look at post #18 of this thread. When starting out, just be sure both the numerator and denominator are free from fractions. When you...
  20. R

    Output resistance of equivalent op amp circuit

    What if the next amp is a lower impedance BJT instead of an op-amp? Anyway, the theorem gives the input/output impedance of the circuit. It does not tell you what to do with that information. Considering a real circuit ... Consider a real analysis. The voltage-shunt feedback of resistors...
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