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    Convert 12v a switched ground (-) sensor signal to switched +12v signal. (Automotive)

    No, it limits any gate fault current from damaging the input device. Many instances this would be a microcontroller output pin which would normally be perhaps 5v or 3.3v.
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    Convert 12v a switched ground (-) sensor signal to switched +12v signal. (Automotive)

    Gate resistor ensures mosfet stays off and the gate is not left floating. Grey resistor is signal out pull down when mosfet is off. Probably easier to see if it was drawn in a conventional manner. Addition of 150R is also common current limit in case of failure, not essential to operation but...
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    Convert 12v a switched ground (-) sensor signal to switched +12v signal. (Automotive)

    Nit picking but battery upside down.
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    Convert 12v a switched ground (-) sensor signal to switched +12v signal. (Automotive)

    The mosfet you link to already has a protection diode built in......... Cannot follow the rest of your circuit...can you provide complete diagram of what you intend to do.?
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    Power Transistor Code Identification help

    Depends on the resistors and where they are placed. It is normal to have a variety of resistor values around transistors both to limit current and to bias the transistor at the correct level for the incoming signal. Mostly power transistors will have emitter resistors to stop thermal runawayas...
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    Power Transistor Code Identification help

    Is the transistor kaput..??
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    Balanced load, splitting a 220V outlet

    Agree,,,the rest is imformative but there may well be many other aspects of the installation to be considered. Only your local lecky will know for sure.
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    Preventing a possible 12v short circuit

    There will be if the output is wired as in #1.
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    Preventing a possible 12v short circuit

    The way how I see I think you have the diodes will not work. Cannot see actual diode polarity in your so-called diagram. Most here don't work for beans....:):)
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    Sensing 0-10 RPM of a shaft continuously

    maybe, maybe not but the fact is, if an optical relying on sunlight for source, it will respond to fluoresent lighting. It is one way to actually calibrate the optical tacho. Plenty of examples with Arduino as a tacho using interrupts (better) rather than pulsein in youtube or on Arduino site...
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    Sensing 0-10 RPM of a shaft continuously

    They use an optical transistor and sunlight. Use it under a fluro indoors and you'll be measuring mains frequency x 2.
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    PIR LED 12V light circuit recommendations wanted.

    Well then, like Martin says, you're going to have to supply some more details. Circuit I showed would work straight up, transistors will need some working out based on your reply.
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    Ebike motor controller

    10 points for taking the time to look it up. Well done. Most wouldn't give a toss.
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    Ebike motor controller

    Sorry to burst your bubble BUT there are many rules and regulations that must be followed. These cover where, when, how, power etc.etc. Depending on which state you are currently in, (as usual) different for every state or territory. Usual advice, check out what is and what isn't allowed to stay...
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    What's the best place to get a board printed?

    China......many sites online......search pcb manufacturers...cheap as chips. Freight usually the biggest cost.
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    PIR LED 12V light circuit recommendations wanted.

    Simpler to use a logic level mosfet like an IRLZ44N........ Here is a circuit using a IRL540N ......same same....5v supply replaced by your 12v naturally. R1 about 100R....R2 around 10k....common the negative on both supplies.
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    Which wire is positive on Schulze chamäleon isl 6 battery charger

    This photo ( and others by doing a Google search "images" for your unit) shows the black trace wire as negative.
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    3D printer heat bed burned connector

    For one thing, there is a contact plate on top but no visible trace to the heater element or whatever. Op says there are no contacts and I assume , no traces underneath so therefore it stands to reason they must be internal.
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    Solar to single cell LFP?

    The converters are pre-built units so not that difficult. Battery chargers require some regulation and possibly under/over voltage dropout protection so just a converter on it's own is usually not enough. You can get help here to some extent BUT first we need to know what gear you have now and...
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    3D printer heat bed burned connector

    If there is no contact or trace under the board ( which we cannot see) then the board will have to be multi layer. That then would rely on a via which does not show either.
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