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  1. K

    latching

    Okay. It is a little difficult to grasp, but so is everything in electronics. The main point to my story is how the voltage will not settle in an oscillator circuit. Which is different than a 1 stabile state circuit. The way I analyze circuits is different because I see the way the capacitor...
  2. K

    lm339 comparator

    A comparator litterly amplifies the logic into oblivian. No, not really oblivian for the fact that the unknown zone exists. So basically you have a modest type amplifier I think. I still think these things have higher gain. I know that the output is always good provided the input. It's funny but...
  3. K

    lm7812 problem

    Ah. And then the regulator was bad.
  4. K

    latching

    This circuit drags the voltage to it's one stabile state. Whenever you have a logic circuit, it always helps to decide what the initial state will be. In other words what is the startup condition and will it change. There exists a voltage that the circuit likes best, that is the stabile state...
  5. K

    lm7812 problem

    I would suggest you determine the pin out to be correct. I did that with some voltage regulators. It turns out that I could not get the package pinout of the IC over the internet. So I just guessed until I go the correct voltage.  In the process I think I destroyed the regulator.
  6. K

    FSK.............. project

    I believe FSK is what they use for the internet. It involves the presence of a frequency to indicate a bit. Actually a block of known data is converted to a frequency. Sometimes two different frequencies are used to indicate a 1 and 0. I don't know that you could use a PLL because they are often...
  7. K

    Speaking about bonding

    Remember in chemistry class where they talked about how certain compounds will bond with other compounds depending on the number of valence electrons in the compund. Those were the good old days. For now I would like to talk about silicon and it's doping. I am talking about transistors...
  8. K

    small current amplifiers

    And what about the numbers. Don't you agree that there is more error in higher numbers. Odds are if your gain is 100,000 then +-1% error is a 2000 difference. But your gain is only 10 then +- 1% is a difference of 2. I know that theoretically you cannot go by percentage, but it can be used as a...
  9. K

    How do I start off for a Robot

    I don't believe you can program a robot with assembly. Probably C is the best. The commands used are high level for simplicity. In fact, you can run the code through the microcontroller because the real time for the robot is slow. I believe there are times when you would want to bypass a...
  10. K

    small current amplifiers

    I have this idea about the operation of opamps. We all know the input transistors are low current. But how accurate are they. We all want to believe that they are perfect. But I think the  manufacturing process for these devices may not be as good as the higher current ones. Specifically their...
  11. K

    Infrared

    Infrared is used in digital transmission. Since it is a transducer, it is not accurate enough in theory to transmit analogue signals. You might even choose to use something other than infrared. It all depends on the wavelength expected by the photodetector.
  12. K

    PWM

    Why won't it work specifically. The logic is there. The clock gets it's pulse chopped off with respect to the frequency of the other input. The clock can be the lowest frequency of the input and it will have a bandwidth. The signal cannot be arbitrary though in order to work. It must have a time...
  13. K

    PWM

    I am trying to develop the simplest Pulse Width Modulator. It seems you can use an AND gate with the amplifed signal at the input and a reference clock on the other input. Can somebody back me up on the logic here. It seems the only problem is that the frequency can't be too far from the...
  14. K

    Robotics

    I work around robots all the time. The code seems very high level. Which means there is a lot more slack in the system. I would even say they are easy to build. I think what helps is that since the robots are typically slow compared with processor speeds, the real time function is easy to...
  15. K

    OPTOCOUPLERS

    MP just have a look at the articles section in Electronics-Lab. They have optocouplers in there and they say they are digital devices. Now you can send analogue if it's modulated. They suggest PWM where the pulse width can be directly altered for each frequency. I have to wonder how they do that.
  16. K

    Power Supply problem

    I would guess you have the regulator hooked up wrong. It is easy to do. Once I could not find the correct pinout for my TO-3 regulator and may have burnt a few up before getting the circuit correct.
  17. K

    laser idea

    I tuned lasers at my last job. A laser of 20Watts will burn holes in wood etc. The wavelength of radiation is 20K nanometers. The unit is fairly large with a complex waveform applied to the gas tube. So I would say you are out of luck with the laser idea.
  18. K

    Coupling capacitors

    Hey Audioguru. I want you to investigate this article where it talks about the time constant and the signal time which must be smaller to achieve less distortion. http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/capacit.htm
  19. K

    Coupling capacitors

    I am sorry Audioguru but I just don't agree. You have to admit to some kind of distortion if even just a little. And what about the jumping to a DC. If the signal is 1vpp and the output of the capacitor is biased at 5 volts then the output changes from 4.5 to 5.5. This only occurs when the rate...
  20. K

    LM78XX & LM79XX questions

    I believe the capacitor on the output is simply a low pass filter. It always help to filter a little bit on the output of a regulator because the signal it is regulating against is present at the output circuit of the regulator. Therefore it is like the frequency already exists in circuit. But...
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