Welcome to EP!
A defective capacitor could be the cause, but without a schematic of the receiver it'll be tricky to track down.
Can you post a well-focussed close-up of the circuit board, especially the area near the volume control (clear enough that component numbering/marking can be read)?
Do...
Solar power would have a fair infra-red content, but if that is a concern then I'm sure there are similar-size visible-light phototransistors readily available.
That is potentially (pun intended) LETHAL, since there would be no mains isolation and any component failure could leave some point of the circuit at mains voltage. Much safer to use LEDs as stated.
:confused: I don't see how you can get notification of a 1kg change if the holes are at 10kg intervals?
If you have 100 hives, will you want one of these gadgets at each hive? If so, you will need some way of sending a hive ID code.
If you want to use the power over a long period you must minimise the load current.
A DC-DC converter will be needed if the load requires a constant voltage (as many do; hence the use of batteries as Bob says).
I hope by 'voltmeter' you mean a DMM (digital multi-meter)? A DMM has Ohms ranges, current ranges and voltage ranges, and usually a diode test function. The latter would help to detect if D4 is open-circui or short-circuit and an Ohms range would enable R22 to be checked for open-circuit.
The circuit operation would seem critically dependent on the buzzer type/properties, which are not given. The diode may be there to block a back-emf spike generated by the buzzer ...... who knows?
The R1-R3 values are surprisingly low.
Where did you get this circuit?
Unfortunately, those pics are neither clear nor close-up enough to read component identifiers :(. Can you post better ones here, using the 'Upload a file' button? Can you post the schematic?