Non-retriggerable monostable is the technical term.
There are multi-function timer relays that will have this as a function of their capabilities - they don't come cheap (if cost is an issue) - and if you can wave a soldering iron in the path of a handful of components you could achieve the...
Does your neighbour have the keyboard perhaps?
Even if he doesn't then you'll be lucky to find information on these units - they tend to be internally programmed to fixed messages/character locations etc by a programmed EPROM. If you want to use it you might be looking at hacking the interface...
No. A triac conducts on both halves of the AC cycle - a MOSFET will only switch on one half briefly.
Use the parameter search option at www.alldatasheet.com to list other logic level triacs that can be used in its place.
I would suspect the manufacturers anticipated this possibility and fitted some circuit protection device - likely and in-line fuse or such. It should be readily apparent if it is a 'replaceable' item.
If you clean up the damaged pad and the board around that area you will be able to see where the circuit track should go and make a soldered link from the end of the component to a point on the board where the track is whole again.
That board has has 'some work' done on it and all the soldering associated with that work is utterly appalling! Note the capacitor orientation before removing (in case it isn't marked on the board) and clean up the pads with good desolder braid then wash with IPA.
Fit new (quality) parts using...
Sure about the current consumption? The data sheet shows Ivdd(avg) as 0.12mA for the -6dB output level and in burst mode (not knowing what mode you're using of course...).
What is your 'desired range'? and what is the terrain between tx and rx?
Were they dud? Test one to see if they are faulty (poor ESR) and replace if so. They were obviously replaced in the past for some reason, maybe they've gone dud the same way?
You should inspect the PCB tracks too/from the capacitors to determine if you can replace them in situ axs there are...
The contacts on the LCD are very thin and delicate 'depositions' of conductive material and, as you have discovered, easy to tear! No way to repair them either....
Such is life!
Any sensor can be used with any processor - all that is required is to change the sensor output to a signal that the processor can accept, usually 0-5V or some serial data. As you surmise, coding changes are usually necessary too.
No reason why you can't tap into the harness. A resistor could sense the voltage and draw effectively zero current doing so - certainly so little that it won't affect other sensing circuitry. The transistor can then operate a relay.
Won't work. Egg incubators need a very stable 38°C (or something like that) that a 'simple' thermostat won't manage. You need a digital type with fairly low hysteresis.
You can get them on eBay for under $10.
There are a lot of buck/boost modules with built-in volts and amps metering along with CV and CI capability available from your favourite Chinese retailer. 'any' volts in, any volts out basically. Search eBay using buck boost as search word.
Only hall effect is useful in this case. Even then, unless you can make a coil of wire to sense from then a non contact solution isn't easy. What's the problem with using a sense resistor?
I wouldn't be surprised if Farnell et al started doing drop shipping..... Keeping their supposed levels of stock simply cannot be a financially viable these days.