Kevin Weddle

The speed of the transmission is almost instantaneous. This means the data will be sent at the rate of 20k hertz or as fast as the data is present. You could also clock the data at a very high rate and get every last piece of the signal. This means you will have data that is extremely accurate. So clock the slow time base data of 20k hertz at 1Mhz and get a lot of data from it.

Timer IC's come in a variety of configurations. Many are used to control clock functions in microprocessor based applications. They generate clocks and can be enabled or disabled. A clock is divided and can be can be used for clocking various devices at different rates and times. This in turn can be used for moving data. Often the data needs to be separated and moved at a different rate. One example is the rate of microprocessor as opposed to the rate of a DEMUX input. Another example is a storage device that requires a clock for accurate transfer of data. The data is entered when the data is present. The pulse of the clock says when the data is there. data 1 1 0 0 1 clock 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 no data in between data bits

A 40db per decade occurs at a high frequency and is the result of the transistor characteristics. Each capacitor section will give you 20db per decade. When you incorporate capacitors and inductors in various areas the db per decade can be tricky. I would first build the circuit, then determine the gain and the reduction of gain per decade. You will find that the inductor and the capacitor will give you the attenuation you need.

It turns out that my autotransformer did not have enough reactance to keep the power outlet from blowing the fuse. I did, however, keep the windings intact. The inductor that it turned out to be is a good power inductor with a less than perfect equation. If anybody is curious I will explain a little further how I did it.

I would not say the data sheets are clear. They tend to allow for many assumptions. Often they will show a test setup which is no good to the designer. They never show how the external RC fits into the schematic and how it will affect the gain and or bias. There are, I believe, key points that are left out. I like to Know how the transistors are used and I want to keep them all biased correctly. Even a change in expected gain will take the bias into unknown reaches. And this affects every subsequent transistor gain.

High input impedance, high gain, differential input. This is what separates the opamp circuit from the discrete components. Why use the opamp if you don't need to utilize one of these characteristics?

Does anybody happen to notice the wide array of amplifier circuits available. I am tempted by the IC selections but am wary of the configuration data. I don't like the idea of a circuit where the external components aren't dictated. I want to know what the components are doing and how this affects the operation of the IC. Does anybody have an amplifier circuit with good literature?

An opamp is the amplifier of choice because it satisfies a few main requirements associated with electronics signal handling in general. Stability is normally dealt with as a result of the high frequency. The reactive components work better with discrete transistors.

There is a simpler solution than the opamp. This sounds like a transistor capacitor transistor capacitor solution. Actually, I believe the filter should be of the inductor capacitor type. This way you can get rid of the resistors. Just remember that it is harder to measure the voltages with reactive components.

I let the resistor be a higher value so that Vs is in phase with Vr. This allows me to calculate Vl rather than measure it. Vl is 90 degrees out of phase and it throws off the measurement such that the voltage doesn't add up. Does anybody have experience with this? I think the voltage can be calculated this way because the Vs is in phase with the Vr

Do you notice that the control element is sometimes an opamp. Iwould tend to use a base transistor with an exterior, digitally controlled analog IC that feeds it. I am sure the IC would probably have an opamp.

A roll-off of 40db can be stable. This will occur at a higher frequency. A capacitor affects the phase margin. The capacitor is also a gain element. A state variable device is just a filter with gain. Try not to confuse the 40db of the opamp with the 40db realized from the state variable filter.

I was able to construct the autotransformer with a couple of drawbacks. It turns out that I had to solder the magnet wire together and tapping it is difficult when it is already wound. I was aso too lazy to make the wire large enough to handle the current. We will see if this is the case.

It also occured to me that the regulator is regulating against the changing signal. Is it safe to say the regulator is a junction of two signals?

I am in the process of making my own inductor. I used a transformer core and wound it using magnet wire. One can only speculate as to the equation of homemade devices such as these. Can you really expect a very simple homemade capacitor to obey a simple equation.

I am trying to bias a pushpull amplifier on paper. The two collectors are connected together and the emitters go to the power supply. The gain is subjective and I feel like it is best done with the circuit built. Does anybody know how accurate the PN junction is? You can't even get the current unless you know the voltage and re.

I have found a transformer core to make my own transformer. The magnet wire is very thin and difficult to deal with. Magnet wire is also difficult to solder with. It is too bad that the core can not be sawed apart to create a bar like core. A steel bar would make this much easier.

What is nice is that since the control is already digital, a digital device can be used to help regulate logically. Maybe there can be compensation for voltage drift. The problem is the regulator can't regulate the output of a filter capacitor. So I guess that a power supply filter might have a filter regulator filter combination.

I am concerned with linear regulators and switching regulators. It occured to me that the switching regulator has a filtered output. I believe that a regulator should regulate and not filter. Does anybody have experience with power supply regulators?

I am using a 3amp bipolar transistor. My power supply won't handle the 1.5 A that I need. Does anybody want to guess as to the voltage I should use to bias this.

I know there are specific designs for a capacitance meter. I wonder if designing your own will work too. Sometimes starting from scratch will give you a simple design that does work.

I can see your regulator is missing feedback. A constant voltage doesn't regulate against the changing PN voltage.

Actually my meter is fine. I just did not know that it would not measure an AC voltage when there is offset.

Does anybody notice the variety of capacitor types that exist. I am sure there is a measurable difference, but it is subtle. Of course the value of the capacitors are different, given the same construction. My problem is my meter. It' doesn't measure low voltage AC very well. It's a radio shack autorange fit's in pocket.

I am thinking about a power supply too. What I would use is a large inductor and a large capacitor. Remember that the amplitude of the ripple changes as the load changes when you look at it from an RLC respective.